The Legalization of Marijuana essays

The Legalization of Marijuana essays With the increase in the number of middle-class users of marijuana in the 1960s and 1970s, there came a somewhat greater acceptance of the view that marijuana should not be considered in the same class as narcotics and that U.S. marijuana laws should be relaxed. The Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 1970 eased federal penalties somewhat, and 11 states decriminalized possession. However, in the late 1980s most states rewrote their drug laws and imposed stricter penalties. People who would choose to keep marijuana illegal are saying that it is an intoxicant less controllable than alcohol, and that our drug-using society does not need another widely used intoxicant. They fight against this despite the efforts worldwide of people studying the medical uses of marijuana. The first and most basic reason that marijuana should be legal is that there is no good reason for it not to be legal. Some people ask 'why should marijuana be legalized?" but they should be asking "Why should marijuana be illegal?" From a philosophical point of view, individuals deserve the right to make choices for themselves. The government only has a right to limit those choices if the individual's actions endanger someone else. This should not apply to marijuana, because the individual who choose to use marijuana do so according to his or her own free will. The government also may have a right to limit individual actions if the actions pose a significant threat to the individual. But this argument does not apply to marijuana because marijuana is far less dangerous than some drugs which are legal, such as alcohol and tobacco. How many times have you heard of a high driver killing somebody and how many times have you heard of a drunk driver killing somebody? Guess which of the two substances are legal. Marijuana can be used as a medicine. There is an abundance of anecdotal evidence, as well as scientific research, which supports the belief that marijuana can be effect ...

The Other Reichs Before Hitlers Third

The Other Reichs Before Hitler's Third The German word reich means empire, although it can also be translated as government. In 1930s Germany, the Nazi party identified their rule as a Third Reich and, in doing so, gave English speakers around the world a wholly negative connotation to the word. Some people are surprised to find that the concept, and use, of three reichs is not a solely Nazi idea, but a common component of German historiography. This misconception stems from the use of Reich as a totalitarian nightmare, and not as an empire.  As you can tell, there were two reichs before Hitler made his third, but you might see reference to a fourth. The First Reich: The Holy Roman Empire (800/962 - 1806) Although the name dates to the twelfth-century reign of Frederick Barbarossa, the Holy Roman Empire had its origins over 300 years earlier. In 800 AD, Charlemagne was crowned emperor of a territory which covered much of western and central Europe; this created an institution that would remain, in one form or another, for over a thousand years. The Empire was reinvigorated by Otto I in the tenth century, and his imperial coronation in 962 has also been used to define the start of both the Holy Roman Empire and the First Reich. By this stage, Charlemagnes empire had been divided, and the remainder was based around a set of core territories occupying much the same area as modern Germany. The geography, politics, and strength of this empire continued to fluctuate massively over the next eight hundred years but the imperial ideal, and the German heartland, remained. In 1806, the Empire was abolished by the then Emperor Francis II, partly as a response to the Napoleonic threat. Allowing for the difficulties in summarizing the Holy Roman Empire - which parts of a fluid thousand-year history do you select? - it was generally a loose confederation of many smaller, almost independent, territories, with little desire to vastly expand across Europe. It wasnt considered the first at this point, but a follow-up to the Roman Empire of the classical world; indeed Charlemagne was meant to be a new Roman leader. The Second Reich: The German Empire (1871 - 1918) The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, combined with a growing feeling of German nationalism, led to repeated attempts at unifying the multitude of German territories before a single state was created almost solely by the will of Otto von Bismarck, aided by the military skills of Moltke. Between 1862 and 1871, this great Prussian politician used a combination of persuasion, strategy, skill, and outright warfare to create a German Empire dominated by Prussia, and ruled by the Kaiser (who had very little to do with the creation of the empire he would rule). This new state, the Kaiserreich, grew to dominate European politics at the close of the 19th and start of the 20th centuries. In 1918, after defeat in the Great War, a popular revolution forced the Kaiser into abdication and exile; a republic was then declared. This second German Empire was largely the opposite of the Holy Roman, despite having the Kaiser as a similar imperial figurehead: a centralized and authoritarian state whi ch, after the dismissal of Bismarck in 1890, maintained an aggressive foreign policy. Bismarck was one of the geniuses of European history, in no small part because he knew when to stop. The Second Reich fell when it was ruled by people who didnt. The Third Reich: Nazi Germany (1933 - 1945) In 1933, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler as Chancellor of the German State, which, at that point, had been a democracy. Dictatorial powers and sweeping changes soon followed, as democracy disappeared and the country militarized. The Third Reich was to have been a vastly extended German Empire, expunged of minorities and lasting for a thousand years, but it was removed in 1945 by a combined force of allied nations, which included Britain, France, Russia, and the US. The Nazi state proved to be dictatorial and expansionist, with goals of ethnic purity that formed a stark contrast to the first reichs broad assortment of peoples and places. A Complication When using the standard definition of the term, The Holy Roman, Kaiserreich, and Nazi states were certainly reichs, and you can see how they might have been tied together in the minds of 1930s Germans: from Charlemagne to the Kaiser to Hitler. But youd be right to also ask, how connected were they, really? Indeed, the phrase three reichs refers to something more than simply three empires. Specifically, it refers to the concept of three empires of German history. This might not seem a great distinction, but its a vital one when it comes to our understanding of modern Germany and what happened before and as that nation evolved. Three Reichs of German History? The history of modern Germany is often summarized as being three reichs and three democracies. This is broadly correct, as modern Germany did indeed evolve out of a series of three empires - as described above - interspersed with forms of democracy; however, this does not automatically make the institutions German. While The First Reich is a useful name for historians and students, applying it to the Holy Roman Empire is largely anachronistic. The imperial title and office of the Holy Roman Emperor drew, originally and in part, on the traditions of the Roman Empire, considering itself as an inheritor, not as the first. Indeed, it is highly debatable at what point, if ever, the Holy Roman Empire became a German body. Despite a near continuous core of land in northern central Europe, with a growing national identity, the reich extended into many of the modern surrounding territories, contained a mix of peoples, and was dominated for centuries by a dynasty of emperors commonly associated with Austria. To consider the Holy Roman Empire as solely German, rather than an institution within which there was a considerable German element, might be to lose some of this reichs character, nature, and importance. Conversely, the Kaiserreich was a German state - with an evolving German identity - that partly defined itself in relation to the Holy Roman Empire. The Nazi Reich was also built around one particular concept of being German; indeed, this latter reich certainly considered itself a descendant of the Holy Roman and German Empires, taking the title third, to follow them. Three Different Reichs The summaries given above may be very brief, but they are enough to show how these three empires were very different types of state; the temptation for historians has been to try and find some sort of linked progression from one to another. Comparisons between the Holy Roman Empire and the Kaiserreich began before this latter state was even formed. Historians and politicians of the mid 19th century theorized an ideal state, the Machtstaat, a centralized, authoritarian and militarized power state (Wilson, The Holy Roman Empire, Macmillan, 1999). This was, in part, a reaction to what they considered weaknesses in the old, fragmented, empire. The Prussian-led unification was welcomed by some as the creation of this Machtstaat, a strong German empire which focused around a new emperor, the Kaiser. However, some historians began to project this unification back into both the 18th century and the Holy Roman Empire, finding a long history of Prussian intervention when Germans were threatene d. Different again were the actions of some scholars in the aftermath of the Second World War, when attempts to understand how the conflict occurred led to the three reichs being seen as an inevitable progression through increasingly authoritarian and militarized governments. Modern Use An understanding of the nature  and relationship of these three reichs is necessary for more than historical study. Despite a claim in the ​Chambers Dictionary of World History that The term [Reich] is no longer used (Dictionary of World History, ed. Lenman and Anderson, Chambers, 1993), politicians and others are fond of describing modern Germany, and even the European union, as a fourth Reich. They almost always use the term negatively, looking to the Nazis and the Kaiser rather than the Holy Roman Empire, which might be a far better analogy for the current EU. Clearly, there is room for many differing opinions on the three German reichs, and historical parallels are still being drawn with this term today.

The McCarthy Era That Affected The Russians in Hollywood Essay

The McCarthy Era That Affected The Russians in Hollywood - Essay Example (Freedland, Michael) The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) held a series of showbiz trials, the aftermath of which is recorded by Freedland in his book, Hollywood on Trial. Careers of more than 400 people in Hollywood were destroyed, and they were blacklisted by film producers, as they were not able to satisfactorily answer the question of whether they then were, or had ever been, Communists. This was a weird situation, as the Communist Party itself was not banned in the US, and its newspaper The Daily Worker continued to be published. Those who were hauled up for questioning had three options—that of perjury (denial of links that they had with the Communist Party), taking refuge under the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution, which protected them from implicating themselves, or invoking the rights to free speech granted by the First Amendment. Edward Dmytryk, of Ukrainian origin, was one among the ‘Hollywood 10’ who were imprisoned and harassed. After spending some months in prison, on account of refusal to cooperate, he later relented, and testified. He admitted to a briefly held membership of the Communist Party in 1945, and revealed the names of fellow members of the Party from the film industry. He stated that John Howard Lawson, Adrian Scott, Albert Maltz and several others had pressurized him to include Communist propaganda in his movies. Dmytryk, after a while, moved to England, where he made some low budget films, and then went on to direct films for top studios like Columbia, 20th Century Fox, MGM and Paramount Pictures. Later, in the seventies, he entered academia, teaching at universities. (Freedland, Michael) The other nine—of the Hollywood 10—were Alvah Bessie, Herbert J Biberman, Lester Cole, Ring Lardner Jr, John Howard Lawson, Albert Maltz, Samuel Ornitz, Adrian Scott and Dalton Trumbo. Most of these ten were forced to leave the film industry and do other jobs like working in restaurants or teaching. Several produced

Passion and Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Passion and Success - Essay Example My personal passion is for my skills as a leader. Being in charge and leading a group of people, is when I come alive, and become inflamed with passion for what I am doing. One of my first-hand experiences as to what success can happen when passion paves the road was when I started the International Business Club at school a year ago. Here my leadership passion was envisioned in a club, which I would get to lead. At first, my progress with the club was going along slowly, and I was finding many problems and roadblocks on my path to success. I had piles of paperwork I had to do as leader of the club, and all throughout the first semester, my attendance numbers were low and unstable. Also, I have to work by myself to plan many of the club's activities and events. But my dream and passion kept me going, and I had hope that the club would improve. Eventually, things did start to improve. The numbers in the club grew, and the officers and members started working together in harmony. All t he events and activities I had planned turned out to be a huge success, showing that with hard work and passion you truly can go a long way.

McCarthy :: essays research papers

While I cannot take the time to name all of the men in the State Department who have been named as members of the Communist party and members of a spy ring, I have here in my hand a list of 205 that were known to the Secretary of the State as being members of the Communist party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping the policy of the State Department. (Bayley, 1981,p.17) This story is held responsible for sparking the McCarthyism era. The incidents following it, represent a journalistic period paralleled to the Christian views of the Spanish Inquisition; a time period of branded embarrassment and horror never to be forgotten. Later McCarthy said the number he gave in his speech was not 205 but 57. The fact is that Desmond had a written copy of the speech before McCarthy gave it, but he could have changed the number to 57 when he actually presented the speech. Regardless, the number 57 would have been just as shocking as 205. The reporter's ethics and/or practices were questionable in handling this story. Why he did not ask to see the list of 205 Communists? If he did, history may have been different, for as McCarthy said himself "what he held in his hand was the Byrnes letter, not a list."(Bayley, 1981, p.24) If Desmond had reported that McCarthy was holding a letter, not a list, the newspapers would have handled the story much differently. A letter from one person to another, which suggests unfit employees, would have made much less news than the illusion of an actual list of names. This lack of verification, was one of many press blunders that followed over the next few weeks. In general the press' poor practice would be carried out for the next five years. "I have here in my hand,..." was a phrase that "became more popular than a famous toothpaste slogan,"(Belfrage, 1973, p.117) which he used on an infinite number of occasions to refer to documents he would pull from his briefcase to support wild accusations. The legitimacy of the documents much like that of the accusations seemed never to have been verified by the reporters on sight. The Byrnes's letter that McCarthy pulled out on February 9, 1950 was one of these unchecked documents. The content of the letter gives us insight into McCarthy's ability to manipulate the facts, and cover his tracks just enough so that an unambitious, negligent reporter would help him spread his word. The letter from which the number 205 is extracted is dated 26 July 1946, from Secretary of State James F.

Nursing School Barriers

Review of literature valued several other barriers that contribute to student being unsuccessful. The top barriers included lack of financial support, inadequate emotional support, low self-efficacy, and time constraints. A review of the literature found a major barrier interfering with the success of students is financial constraints. Many Of today's students are considered nontraditional and have many responsibilities outside of the classroom that require the student to work. If unable or not allowed to work, students risk losing the necessities needed for survival.For many, working hours are more than or equivalent to he time spent in class. Therefore, the work schedule and hours, interferes with the amount of time the student can dedicate to studying. Students are also working more to cover financial obligations to the school. With the rising cost vitiation, students faced the harsh reality of not being able to afford school (Peterson, 2009). Proactively, many have decided to att end community college instead of a university, in hopes of decreasing the financial burden so the number of hours worked can be decreased.Others are forced to work because the lack of available scholarships or financial aid. Most consider mans as a last result because of the interest rates and the fear of not being able to repay in the future. Nursing school can be mentally, physically and emotionally draining. Many students are not prepared for the challenges the body endures because of the emotional roller coaster of school. Many consider the idea of preparing for a profession where human life can be jeopardized if an error occurs very stressful.At the same times, are surrounded by family and friends who do not understand the ramifications if an error occur. Some students are the first in the family to attend college; therefore, family members may not understand why the student has to choose between family functions and studying. Students can face ridicule from family and friends because there is a lack of understanding as to the amount of time and dedication needed to complete a nursing program successfully. Time constraints also affect student success in nursing school.Students find it difficult to balance personal life and a school schedule. Students find the rigor of nursing school overwhelming. Often, in nursing, students are in the classroom six to eight hours a day and clinical can range from eight to twelve hours, two or three days a week. The school leaves little time for family or extracurricular activities. At least 35% of a student's day is dedicated to class, studying and preparing for the next scheduled class (Department, 2014). Students with families struggle with feeling as though they have abandoned their responsibilities.Mothers returning to the classroom often feel guilt when not able to cook a meal or attend a child's activity. As a result, many withdraw with the hope of returning to school when the children are more independent. Research ers have also found low self-efficacy contributes to the lack of success in the classroom. Self-efficacy is defined as ones belief in actual ability to complete a task (Bandeau, 1997). Thus, self-efficacy is a crucial concept in a student's perception of capability to complete a nursing program.According to Brothers (201 AAA), self-efficacy has become an instrument in evaluating student's outcome in the classroom. Lower self- efficacy students often avoid challenges and set less challenging goals. Many enter nursing programs lacking the confidence to be successful. The students often dwell on personal deficiency and attributes failures to bad luck. Lower self-efficacy students often doubt their ability to successful complete a urging program and often give up when faced with a challenge.

Anatomical Discoveries During the Renaissance Period

More medical discoveries and advances are occurring every day. Medical treatments and understanding of the human anatomy have come a long way. Though if it weren’t for certain Anatomists, we may have not have had the right comprehension of the human body which could have led to errors in surgery and more deaths while treating patients. The Renaissance period was a time where Anatomists searched for clearer understanding of the human body. During the Renaissance period, Anatomists questioning and experimentation led to great discoveries of the human body. Wrong theories of the anatomy have been assumed to be correct for thousands of years. Theories of using a scientific base were not used by the Europeans until the Renaissance period†¦show more content†¦People who believed in Galen’s theories tried to explain how the pulmonary vein would have air go down into the heart and also have a by product called ‘sooty vapours’ brought up into the lungs. Tho ugh there was a massive lack of evidence, the Galen theory still stood as the ‘correct theory’ (â€Å"About William Harvery†). Galen’s model was proven wrong by Renaissance anatomists. Despite Galen’s model being used for so many years, Vesalius proved the vena cava could not have come from the liver. Realdo Columbo’s experimentation also gathered information about the heart. It was revealed that the systole phase of the heart is active as it constricts and pumped blood into the arteries while the dystole phase is the inactive phase of the heart (â€Å"About William Harvery†). Harvey, inspired by Vesalius’s discoveries, later discovered the process of blood circulation in 1628 (â€Å"Renaissance medicine†). Galen’s theories were challenged by William Harvey’s (About Williams Harvey). Harvey observed sheep veins and arteries and even his own veins to discover blood circulation. Harvey concluded that the veins in our bodies allowed the blood to circulate(â€Å"Medicine†). Harvey was able to prove Columbo’s theory and discovered that the heart worked as a muscle. The beating heart sent a shockwave to the arteries which causes them toShow MoreRelatedImportance Of The Renaissance828 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscussion, is Arthur Erickson’s above. It summarises why the Renaissance was such a remarkable period of discovery and advancement for mankind. There were a series of revolutionary steps forward in the medical field. Many new scientific discoveries and cures were found and equally fascinating, at the same time many established techniques and theories dating back to medieval times were proven incorrect and abandoned. Also during the Renaissance, there were a range of radical engineering and mechanicalRead MoreLeonardo Da Vinci And Leonardo Da Vinci723 Words   |  3 PagesThe Renaissance is celebrated for having been a period of remarkable advancement in the fields per taining to art, literature, and science. 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The Geschichte und Bibliographie der Anatomischen Abbildung continued to attract attention as Mortimer Frank revised and translated the catalogue in 1920 and in 1945 an expanded version was published which remains a useful resource of early anatomical illustration. The 1852 edition included 43 woodcuts and threeRead MoreHow Much Did Medicine and Treatment Progress (Change and Continuity) Between 1350 and 1750?1482 Words   |  6 Pagesmedicine there were many things that changed and some that stayed the same between 1350 and 1750. Initially I will be looking at medicine and treatment in the Ancient World as a prelude to its importance during the Renaissance peri od, and also the influence it may have had in the Middle Ages. During Ancient times, cure and prevention of illness and disease were not very well developed – people would blame their ill health on Gods, witches, demons or other supernatural causes. They had many theoriesRead MoreRelationship Between Art And The Growing Body Of Science996 Words   |  4 PagesIn this essay we would try to comprehend and understand how renaissance and post-renaissance artistic movements excelled hand in hand with the increasingly accumulating body of scientific knowledge and how the artists of the relevant periods utilized the scientific understanding in creating their artistic works and productions. Relationship between Art and the Growing Body of Science The renaissance was not just a rebirth of the classical ideals of antiquity of Greco Roman world but it inspired an